Extended Data Fig. 5: An initial TED capable of a single mild cooling temperature produced qualitatively similar effects on timing judgments in both variants of the interval discrimination task.

(a) Performance in the no-fixation version of the interval discrimination task conditioned on neural population speed (N = 3). Psychometric curves split by whether activity progressed more slowly (blue) or at a typical speed (black, see methods). Bottom right inset: Differences in proportion of long choices from the slow speed condition to the typical speed condition (mean ± propagated s.e.m.). Top-left inset: Marginal posterior distributions of the threshold parameter for each speed condition’s psychometric fit. Solid black lines represent the M.A.P. point estimates. (b) Analogous to (A), but conditioned on whether striatal temperature was set to control (black) or a mild cooling (teal) dose (N = 4). Psychometric functions fit to cross-animal averages (± s.e.m.) of temperature-split psychophysical data, respectively shown as solid lines and markers of matching color. Bottom right inset: Average differences in proportion of long choices from the mild cooling condition to control (± propagated s.e.m.). Top-left inset: Marginal posterior distributions of the threshold parameter for each condition’s psychometric fit. Solid black lines represent the M.A.P. point estimates. (C-D) Effect of temperature on psychophysical thresholds. (c) Markers represent M.A.P. estimates and transparent patches the corresponding 95% confidence intervals of threshold parameters fit to individual animals’ performance on control (vertical axis) versus mild cooling blocks (horizontal axis). Single animals contribute one data point of each color. Top-right inset: Distribution of threshold differences between the mild cooling and control conditions (mean ± s.e.m.). (d) Left: Distributions of threshold dilation as a function of induced temperature changes (one-sample two-tailed t-test, t(3) = 5.67, P = 0.01). Markers linked by solid black lines represent individual animal threshold dilations. Boxplots show animal means (horizontal thick lines) and s.e.m. (colored bars). Right: Distribution of threshold stretch (one-sample two-tailed t-test, t(3) = −5.67, P = 0.01). Markers represent individual animals, and their size and color denote bootstrapped significance. Boxplots show animal means (horizontal thick lines) and s.e.m. (colored bars). (e) Same as (A), but in the fixation task variant. (f-h) Analogous to (B-D), but in the fixation task variant (N = 1 animal, mean ± propagated s.e.m. across trials instead of animals in (F)).