Extended Data Fig. 5: Effects of optogenetic activation of mPFC inhibitory neurons on brain state and EEG.
(a) Placement of optic fibers in the mPFC for ChR2-mediated activation of mPFC Vgat neurons. Each colored bar represents the location of an optic fiber. Brain atlas images adapted with permission from ref. 61. (b) Laser stimulation trials from all n = 7 control mice expressing eYFP in mPFC Vgat neurons, sorted depending on the brain state at laser onset (t = 0 s, arrows). (c) Percentages of all brain states before, during, and after open-loop stimulation in eYFP control mice. Blue patch, laser stimulation interval (120 s, 20 Hz). Two-way RM ANOVA comparing the mean percentage of each brain state between the laser and preceding 120 s baseline interval (interaction, P = 0.1228). n = 7 mice. Lines, averages across mice; shadings, 95% CIs. (d) Cumulative transition probabilities in ChR2 mice to remain in REM sleep (R → R), wake (W → W), or NREM sleep (N → N) during the laser and preceding 120 s baseline interval. Bootstrap, R → R, P = 0.0001; W → W, P = 0.0234; N → N, P = 0.0004. n = 8 mice. Shadings, 95% CIs. (e) Differences of laser-induced changes in the cumulative transition probabilities between ChR2 and eYFP mice (Methods). Bootstrap; N → R, P < 0.0001; R → W, P = 0.0318; N → W, P = 0.6890; W → N, P = 0.0300; R → R, P = 0.0318; W → W, P = 0.0272; N → N, P = 0.0014. ChR2, n = 8; eYFP, n = 7 mice. Blue lines, 95% CIs; white dots, distribution means. (f) PSD of the EEG during REM sleep with (ON) and without laser stimulation (OFF). Two-way RM ANOVA with laser (P = 0.0135) and frequency band (δ, θ, or σ) as within-subjects factors (interaction, P = 0.0002); t-tests with Holm-Bonferroni correction; OFF versus ON: δ, P = 0.0068; θ, P = 0.0059; σ, P = 0.0068. n = 8 mice. Lines, averages across mice; shadings, 95% CIs. (g) Laser-induced changes in the δ, θ, and σ power (Δ power) between REM sleep with and without laser stimulation in eYFP and ChR2 mice. Mixed ANOVA with frequency band and virus as within- and between-subjects factors (interaction, P = 0.0000); t-tests with Holm-Bonferroni correction; eYFP versus ChR2: δ, P = 0.0073; θ, P = 0.0022; σ, P = 0.0073. ChR2, n = 8; eYFP, n = 7 mice. Bars, averages across mice; dots, individual mice; error bars, 95% CIs. See Supplementary Table 1 for detailed statistical information. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
