Fig. 4: Causal mediation analyses for children born preterm.

a,b, Causal mediation analysis reveals the partial mediation effects of hippocampal volume on the association between sociodemographic factors (sex and maternal education) and visual reception scores in children born preterm. Mediation by the hippocampus on the effect of sex (a; P = 0.01) and low maternal education (b; P = 0.041) on visual reception scores (N = 269). Bootstrapping was used to estimate P values; *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001. No correction for multiple comparisons was performed.