Fig. 8: Self-sustained activity and transient amplification in recurrent networks.

a, Raster plot (top) and mean firing rate (bottom) of three excitatory neurons for five different stimulation patterns. b, Norm—that is, ℓ2-norm of firing rate deviations from baseline (top)—and average firing rate (bottom) of excitatory neurons for the five stimulation patterns in a. c, First three principal components of the activity of excitatory neurons from the recurrent network after (left) and before (right) learning with co-dependent synaptic plasticity. Each line is the average of 1,000 trials. d, Output of two readout neurons trained to draw complex patterns on a 2D plane (‘Target’) using the input from the excitatory neurons from the recurrent network after (left) and before (right) learning with co-dependent synaptic plasticity. Stim., stimulus.