Fig. 7: Single-trial analysis of movement and spike rate reveals neurons modulated by choice and movement.

a, Schematic of analysis. Correct trials were split into lick-left and lick-right trials. Each of these sets of trials corresponding to a choice was further broken into two groups based on the prediction of behavior from video, yielding four groups of trials corresponding to the choice contingency and value of single-trial video prediction (Methods). b, Analysis schematic as applied to two example neurons (center, right) and jaw marker (left) within a single session. Left: jaw marker position (height) during entire trial (top) and magnified on the delay epoch (middle). Lines correspond to the mean of jaw height across the four trial groups. Color indicates trial type and line style (solid or dashed) corresponds to the video-prediction-based contingency. Shaded area corresponds to the s.e.m. across trials. Center: same data as in top, magnified on the delay epoch. Bottom: mean jaw height during the delay epoch split into the choice and video prediction groups. Color indicates choice and line style type (solid or dashed) indicates agreement between choice and video prediction contingency. Error bars correspond to the s.e.m. across trials (the numbers of trials in each group are: L-vL, 111; L-vR, 70; R-vL, 63; R-vR, 104). Middle: firing rate of example neuron analyzed according to groups defined in a. Top: firing rate of example neuron during the entire trial divided into the same four groups as a. Color indicates trial type and line style indicates agreement between choice and video prediction contingency. Center: same data as in top, magnified on the delay epoch. Bottom: average firing rate during the delay epoch split into the trial type and video prediction groups. Color indicates trial type and line style type agreement between choice and video prediction contingency. Error bars correspond to the s.e.m. across trials. Neuron is modulated mainly by uninstructed movements. Right: same format as in middle column for a different example neuron that is modulated mostly by choice. c, Brain-wide spatial map of the fraction of neurons modulated by choice (top) and modulated by uninstructed movement (bottom). Each voxel is 300 µm squared in the sagittal plane and spans the brain in the third direction. Color corresponds to the fraction of choice-modulated neurons (top) and uninstructed movement-modulated neurons (bottom) within that voxel. For visualization, a 3 × 3-voxel median filter was applied on the heatmap. Scale bar: 0.5 mm. d, Fraction of neurons modulated by choice, uninstructed movement or both for six brain regions. The midline of the boxes represents median, the box edges are interquartile range and the whiskers are 1.5 × interquartile range for the fractions in individual sessions (n = 87 sessions). Neurons were classified into choice- or uninstructed movement-modulated according to differences in prediction AUC across the four trial contingencies (Methods). L, left; R, right.