Extended Data Fig. 1: Human microglia in the brain of AppNL-G-F mice.

a, Representative sagittal brain section showing the distribution of human engrafted microglia (labeled with human P2RY12, in magenta, and IBA1, in cyan) in AppNL-G-F Csf1rΔFIRE/ΔFIRE mice at 4 months of age (X-34+ plaques in yellow). Because these mice genetically lack mouse microglia, engraftment efficiency reaches 100%. Scale bar = 1 mm. b, Higher magnification confocal image of representative X-34 plaques (in yellow) surrounded by human microglia expressing IBA1 (cyan) and P2RY12 (magenta) at 4 months of age. Scale bar = 50 µm. c, Representative high-magnification confocal z-stacks of X-34 plaques (green) surrounded by human microglia expressing CD9 (cyan), HLA (yellow) and CD68 (magenta) at 6 months of age. Scale bar = 50 µm. Images shown are representative; sagittal sections at 4 months were obtained from 2 mice (a,b), high-magnification confocal z-stacks at 6 months from 4 mice (c).