Fig. 5: Assemblies of Vipp1 loose coats and carpets on membranes.

a, Cryo-EM micrographs of Vipp1 after lipid reconstitution with EPL (dataset size: 3,271 micrographs). White arrowheads indicate loose coats of Vipp1 on flat membranes. Cyan arrowheads indicate sites of small Vipp1 patches with induced bulges at the membranes. Orange arrowheads indicate sites where Vipp1 ring or rod assemblies bind to the membrane or bud off the membrane. The red circle indicates a vesicle fully covered with a Vipp1 carpet. b, The 3D renderings of the same tomogram after segmentation using a progressively trained U-Net. The U-Net was trained to segment membranes, membrane coverings and spirals into separate classes. For better visibility, membranes, Vipp1 and Vipp1 spiraling ribbons were rendered in red, green (left) and yellow (right), respectively. The raw tomogram is shown in Extended Data Fig. 8c. Red, membrane; green, Vipp1 rings, rods and carpets; yellow, Vipp1 spirals. c, Gallery of segmented Vipp1 lipid tomograms.