Fig. 1

Spatial and phenological distribution of samples. Location of the study region (a) described by maximum extent of the collected ground-truth data (b). Panel (c) is highlighted in blue in panel (b), and exemplifies the spatial detail of these data within the Fergana, Uzbekistan, collected on a field-by-field basis. These samples depict different crop types which compose distinct phenological class groups (d). “Winter” crops are solely represented by winter-wheat while “summer” combines “cotton”, “rice” and “maize” and “permanent” combines “orchards, “vineyards” and “alfalfa”. “Fallow” is described by samples from unused agricultural land, lacking a clear phenological peak. Crop types that lacked a characteristic phenological behaviour (e.g. potatoes, onions) were labelled as “unclear”. “Double” corresponds to “winter” crops that were followed by a “summer” crop after the first harvest.