Fig. 1

Modeling of the host-coronavirus interactions (HCIs) and HCI-drug interactions. The viruses enter into, survive in, and replicate in host cells. Correspondingly, drugs are developed to inhibit viral entry, replication, or modulate host immune responses. Red circles, yellow Y-shaped signs, green triangles, and blue blocks represent viruses, host receptors, drugs, and host immune factors (e.g., cytokines), respectively.