Table 1 Model Inputs.

From: Global 1-km present and future hourly anthropogenic heat flux

Input Datasets

Name/Description

Resolution

Population

LandScanTM 36

30 arc-second (appx. 1-km)

Nighttime Lights

VIIRS DNB Nighttime Lights37

30 arc-second (appx. 1-km) resampled to LandScanTM

Nightfire

VIIRS Nightfire verson 3.0 (Gravite)38

30 arc-second (appx. 1-km) resampled to LandScanTM

Energy Consumption and Energy Intensity

Energy Balance Statistics from the International Energy Agency (IEA)39

Country-level

Shared-socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) by The International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)40

Regional-level

Energy intensity level of primary energy (MJ/$2011 PPP GDP)33

Country-level

Monthly Surface Air Temperature

NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project (2012 output)41

2.5 arc-degrees

Climate, Environmental Retrieval, and Archive (CERA); The World Data Center for Climate (WDCC)32

1~2.5 arc-degrees, varying (Supplementary Table S1)