Fig. 1

Experimental design and sample composition. (a) The Accelerated Longitudinal Design (ALD) of devCCNP has 3 repeated measuring waves: Wave 1 (baseline, purple), Wave 2 (follow-up 1, blue), and Wave 3 (follow-up 2, green). The age range of participant enrolment was 6–18 years. The 480 participants were divided into 12 age cohorts, with 20 boys and 20 girls in each. The interval between each successive waves was designed to be 15 months. (b) An example of a participant’s protocol who enrolled at 6.5 years. Measurement content is justified according to the age of each participant. As shown in Supplementary Table S1, the number of psychological behaviour measurements (related to questionnaires and computer-mediated tasks/tests) increases with age. (c,d) Age and sex distributions for participants’ completion in the CKG and PEK Samples (female, red; male, blue). Dots indicate the specific age of each wave’s data collection, while lines indicate the actual intervals between two waves. (e,g) Numbers of participants enrolled (Wave 1) in each age group are calculated according to sex. (f) The actual intervals in the CKG Sample better adhere to the original design; the largest interval is 19 months. (h) In the PEK Sample, intervals have been commonly extended from 16 to 50 months.