Fig. 2

Line plots showing mean annual temperature over CONUS land area derived from ERA5 in historical period (1980–2019) and the TGW WRF simulations for high sensitivity and low sensitivity models from SSP585 (2020–2099) and SSP245 (2020–2099) in the future period. Each of the four future trajectories is composed of two 40-year sequences that repeat the historical 40-year simulation with differing levels of time-evolving thermodynamic warming signals applied.