Fig. 1

Steps and datasets required to obtain global geospatial agents and energy supply datasets⁸. (a) Space heating, SH, (b) Space cooling, SC, (c) Gross Domestic Product per capita, GDPpc, (d) Population count per km². In total, ten global gridded datasets were used in this study. Energy demand datasets with respect to (i) space heating, (ii) water heating, (iii) space cooling, and (iv) total energy demand for heating and cooling, at 1-km² hourly-seasonal resolution, were collected from Sachs, et al.⁹. Gridded datasets for (v) heating demand density and (vi) cooling demand density were collected from Sachs, et al.⁹. Global socioeconomic and development, and demographic gridded datasets used in this study with respect to (vii) gross domestic product, (viii) gross domestic product per capita, (ix) human development index, and (x) population count per square kilometre were collected from Kummu, et al.¹⁰ and CIESIN¹⁸.