Fig. 9
Geospatial Agent-Based Modelling Framework to capture realism in terms of five components: (1) heterogeneity, (2) diversity, (3) evolution, (4) decision-making, and (5) exogenous constraints of multiple agents within climate-energy-economy models. Components (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5); Spatial Agent with GDPpc attribute (\({SpA}_{{GDP}_{PC}}\)); Spatial Agent with Heat Demand per capita, HDpc, attribute (\({SpA}_{{HD}_{PC}}\)); Spatial Agent with Heat Density attribute (SpAHD). Aggregated end-use energy demand (TE); aggregated space heating demand (SH); aggregated water heating demand (WH); aggregated space cooling demand (SC); aggregated population (POP); Total population (TPOP); Median Human Development Index (\(\overline{HDI}\)). Timse (t). Investment objective (Obj); Search rule (SR); Decision strategy (DS); Type, new or retrofit (TP); Budget (B); Maturity threshold (MT); Technology stock (TS); Technology ownership (TO); Population percentage (PP). Carbon Price Scheme (CP). Heat density restriction (HDR).
