Table 1 Further information on selected indicators.
From: A dataset of low-carbon energy transition index for Chinese cities 2003–2019
Sub Index | Dimensions | Components | Indicators (unit) | Lower bound | Upper bound | Data sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy system performance | Energy system structure | Energy mix | Share of coal in primary energy (%) | 24.3% | 95.2% | CEADs |
Electricity structure | Local coal consumption for power generation vs. total electricity consumption (kg standard coal equivalent/kWh) | 0 | 2.09 | CCSY, CEADs | ||
Energy intensity | Energy consumption per unit of GDP (standard coal equivalent /104 yuan) | 0.29 | 9.7 | CCSY, CEADs | ||
Energy consumption | Energy consumption per capita (standard coal equivalent per capita) | 0.41 | 13.6 | CCSY, CEADs | ||
Electricity consumption per capita (kWh per capita) | 488 | 16969 | CCSY, CEADs | |||
Environmental sustainability | Carbon intensity | CO2 emissions per unit of GDP (t/104 yuan) | 0.55 | 5.76 | CCSY, CEADs | |
Carbon emissions per capita | CO2 emissions per capita within urban territory (t/per capita) | 0.99 | 31.3 | CCSY, CEADs | ||
Air pollution (PM2.5) | Annual average concentration of inhalable fine particulate matter (micrograms per cubic meter) | 12.3 | 66.5 | ACAG | ||
Transition readiness | Economic development | Economic growth | Per capita GDP (yuan) | 4597 | 151326 | CCSY |
GDP growth rate (%) | 3.5% | 28.6% | CCSY | |||
Economic structure | Proportion of employment of mining employees in urban units at the end of the year (per 104 capita) | 0 | 533 | CCSY | ||
Tertiary industry as percentage to GDP (%) | 21.6% | 57.6% | CCSY | |||
Capital & investment | Capital stock | Average annual balance of net fixed assets per capita (yuan per capita) | 1048.5 | 84766.4 | CCSY | |
Proportion of urban construction land in the municipal area (%) | 0.4% | 34.1% | CCSY | |||
Per capita deposits of national banking system at the end of the year (yuan per capita) | 4168.9 | 210182.4 | CCSY | |||
Investment | Total investment in fixed assets per capita (yuan) | 1624.7 | 80971 | CCSY | ||
Amount of foreign capital per capita (US dollars per capita) | 0.3 | 1007.8 | CCSY | |||
Fiscal capacity | Public finance income per capita (yuan per capita) | 167.9 | 14925.3 | CCSY | ||
Technology capability | Innovation capability | China innovation and entrepreneurship index (0–100) | 4.1 | 97.6 | PKU-ORDP | |
Proportion of subscribers of internet services (%) | 1% | 51% | CCSY | |||
Number of green invention and utility model patents applied for, per capita, in the year (number per 104 capita) | 0 | 2.04 | CNRDS | |||
Technology expenditure | Expenditure for science and technology per capita (yuan per capita) | 0.96 | 651.9 | CCSY | ||
Adaptive technology | Ratio of industrial SO2 removed (%) | 0.7% | 87.4% | CCSY | ||
Ratio of wastewater centralized treated (%) | 0.0% | 97.9% | CCSY | |||
Ratio of consumption wastes treated (%) | 0.0% | 100.0% | CCSY | |||
Ratio of industrial solid wastes treated (%) | 18.0% | 100.0% | CCSY | |||
Human capital | R&D and new economy | Proportion of the persons engaged in scientific research, technical services and geological exploration industries (per 104 capita) | 2.2 | 98.2 | CCSY | |
Proportion of the persons employed in the information transmission, computer services and software industries (per 104 capita) | 2.6 | 67.3 | CCSY | |||
Educational and training capacity | Proportion of employees in the education industry (per 104 capita) | 72.5 | 213.6 | CCSY | ||
Number of full-time teachers in vocational secondary schools (per 104 capita) | 1.1 | 17.2 | CCSY | |||
Number of full-time teachers in regular institutions of higher education (per 104 capita) | 0.4 | 49.7 | CCSY | |||
Quality of education | Expenditure for education per capita (yuan per capita) | 118.1 | 2831.3 | CCSY | ||
Number of students enrolled in regular institutions of higher education (per 104 capita) | 5.9 | 886 | CCSY |
