Fig. 3

Evaluation of water sample volumes required for metabarcoding. Samples from three sampling occasions (circle colour) and taken in different sample volumes of 10–500 ml (circle size in panel D) were taken in five replicates. (A) α-diversity measured by Shannon index, (B) α-diversity as richness measured by number of unique ASVs, (C) violin plots of β-diversity between replicates and (D) NMDS plots of β-diversity between all samples. β-diversity was measured with Bray-Curtis distance.