Fig. 3
Examples of construction waste landfills. All images within the dataset exhibit significant characteristics of construction waste landfills. As can be seen from the red box, (a) The presence of diverse types of solid waste, including plastics, metals, and wood. (b) Overlapping of construction waste with the boundaries of associated engineering facilities and buildings. (c) Shadows cast by buildings partially cover certain areas. These examples (a–c) clearly demonstrate the complexity of the internal areas within the construction waste landfills depicted in the images. They showcase variations in shapes, sizes, and orientations, all exhibiting accumulations of different materials and dispersed waste.
