Table 1 Rocket launch primary emission indices for each propellant typea.

From: Global 3D rocket launch and re-entry air pollutant and CO2 emissions at the onset of the megaconstellation era

Propellant

Primary Emission Indices (pEI) [g kg−1]

H2O

H2b

CO

CO2c

BC

Fuel NOx

Al2O3

Cly

Solid

302d-g

25f

227f

112d,f

16d,f,h

—

328d-g

217e-g

Hypergolic

392d-g,i

4f

69f

150d

16d,f,h

10f,i

—

—

Kerosene

340d-g

10f

318f

637d-f

22d,f,h

—

—

—

Methane

446f

6f

120f

426f

5f

—

—

—

Hydrogen

1058d-f,j

35f

—

—

—

—

—

—

  1. aMean of multiple literature sources. bUsed to calculate final EIs of H2O. cUsed in Eq. (1) to calculate final EIs of CO. dRoss et al.20. ePradon et al.25. fCSVEM67. gDesain et al.24. hMaloney et al.83. iRoss et al.14. jLarson et al.29.
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