Fig. 5
From: Global photovoltaic solar panel dataset from 2019 to 2022

Accuracy evaluation results: (a) U-Net’s training accuracy and validation accuracy, (b) PUL-RF’s OA, PA, UA, and F1-Score, (c) the IoU in 2019–2022 compared to Kruitwagen’s IoU results, (d) the prediction accuracy (IoU) of newly added PV from 2019 to 2022.