Fig. 2

Stimulus types. (A) Consonant and vowel phonemes possess unique articulatory features. Consonants can be described by three parameters: place of articulation (bilabial, alveolar), manner of articulation (stop, fricative), and voicing (voiced, unvoiced). Vowels can be described by four parameters: tongue height (from close to open), tongue position (front, back), tongue tension (tense, lax), and lip position (rounded, unrounded). (B) Phoneme pairs included eight instances of each combination of stop consonants and vowels. (C) Phoneme triplets were limited by the stipulation to create real and pseudowords. Stimuli included eight instances of each vowel in the real and pseudoword conditions.