Fig. 3

Phenotype distribution of the plant-level intermediate phenotypes associated with stalk lodging resistance. Violin plots represent the distribution of phenotype values in different environments, while the embedded box plots illustrate data distribution around the median. Within each boxplot, the horizontal line represents the median, whereas the lower and upper edges represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively, and the outliers are shown as dots beyond the whiskers. C20, Clemson University 2020; C21, Clemson University 2021; K20, University of Kentucky 2020; K21, University of Kentucky 2021.