Fig. 4

Workflow for annual lake–water-quality indicators (example: Uvs Lake). A two-step workflow comprising (1) spatial masking and constraints—applying the lake’s Maximum Water Extent (MWE) and computing MNDWI to generate per-scene water masks for the preprocessed MPLakeImagery stack; and (2) per-scene retrieval and annual aggregation—computing SDD and TSM for each Landsat 5/7/8 scene, removing outliers with a ± 2-standard-deviation filter, and deriving annual values via median compositing with results exported as a lake-year table (.csv) for long-term monitoring.