Table 1 Hazard indicators presented in ROBINE-AT.
From: Climatological hazard indicators for a robust and integrated energy infrastructure in Austria
Hazard | Indicator name | Definition |
|---|---|---|
Heat | desert days | annual average number of days with \({T}_{\max }\,\ge \) 35 |
average longest period of desert days | annual average longest period of consecutive days with \({T}_{\max }\,\ge \) 35 °C | |
days in heat waves | annual number of days in heat waves as defined by Kysely et al.47 | |
average longest period of heat wave days | annual average longest period of heat wave days as defined by Kysely et al.47 | |
average maximum temperature | average annual maximum temperature | |
absolute maximum temperature | absolute maximum temperature occurring in the GWL period | |
tropical nights | annual average number of days with \({T}_{\min }\,\ge \) 20 °C | |
average longest period of tropical nights | annual average longest period of consecutive days with \({T}_{\min }\,\ge \) 20 °C | |
cooling degree days | annual average number of days with Tmean ≥ 22.5 °C, as defined by Pezzutto et al.61 | |
average longest period of cooling degree days | annual average longest period of consecutive days with Tmean ≥ 22.5 °C, as defined by Pezzutto et al.61 | |
average maximum soil temperature | annual average maximum soil temperature in 1m-depth (see section 2 for description) | |
warm soil days | annual average number of days with Tsoil ≥ 20 °C in 1 m depth (see section 2 for description) | |
Cold | frost days | annual average number of days with \({T}_{\min } < \) 0 °C |
average longest period of frost days | annual average longest period of consecutive days with \({T}_{\min }\, < \) 0 °C | |
ice days | annual average number of days with \({T}_{\max } < \) 0 °C | |
average longest period of ice days | annual average longest period of consecutive days with \({T}_{\max } < \) 0 °C | |
extreme ice days | annual average number of days with \({T}_{\max }\, < \) 0 °C and \({T}_{\min }\, < \) −7 °C (regional definition64) | |
average longest period of extreme ice days | annual average longest period of consecutive days with \({T}_{\max }\, < \) 0 °C and \({T}_{\min }\, < \) −7 °C (regional definition64) | |
ice throw days | annual average number of days with \({T}_{\min }\, < \) −20 °C at 150 m (turbine) height (see section 2 for description) | |
heating degree days | annual average number of days with Tmean < 12 °C (regional definition64) | |
heating degree sum | summed temperature difference of all days with Tmean < 12 °C to room temperature (20 °C, regional definition64) | |
Precipitation | average maximum daily precipitation | annual average maximum daily precipitation |
average maximum three-day precipitation | annual average maximum three-day precipitation | |
wet snowfall days | annual average number of days where (T850hPa + T500hPa)/2 ∈ [−15 °C, − 10 °C] and pr ≥ 10 mm (see section 2 for description) | |
snowfall days | annual average number of days where Tmean < 0.5 °C and the two-day pr ≥10 mm | |
Flooding | fluvial flood days | annual average number of days where precipitation enables fluvial floods, as defined by Kaitna et al.49 |
debris flow days | annual average number of days where precipitation enables debris flow, as defined by Kaitna49 | |
Wind | storm days | annual average number of days with maximum gusts gusts ≥90 km/h |
strong storm days | annual average number of days with maximum gusts gusts ≥120 km/h | |
extreme wind gust speed | 95th percentile of annual NUTS-averaged storm gust (see section 2 for description) | |
calm days | annual average number of days with wspd < 2.5 m/s in 150 m (turbine) height (see section 2 for description) | |
average longest period of calm days | annual average longest period of consecutive days with wspd < 2.5 m/s in 150 m (turbine) height (see section 2 for description) | |
Fire | very high fire danger days | annual average number of days with fire weather index FWI ≥38 (very high risk65), as defined by van Wagner50 |
extreme fire danger days | annual average number of days with FWI ≥50 (extreme risk65), as defined by van Wagner50 | |
Drought | years with one-month drought | number of years including at least one month within May and November with SPEI < −248 |
years with three-month drought | number of years including a three-month period within May and November with SPEI < −248 | |
years with extreme low flow | number of years including a three-month period within July and November with SPEI < −348, skipping potential snow melt in May and June | |
Humidity | humid days | annual average number of days with dew point Td ≥ 20 °C |
average longest period of humid days | annual average longest period of consecutive days with dew point Td ≥ 20 °C | |
Lightning | thunderstorm days | annual average number of days with lightning probability p ≥ 0.5, as defined by Laimighofer et al.42 |
lightning-induced fire danger days | annual average number of days with FWI ≥ 38, as defined by van Wagner50 and lightning probability p ≥ 0.5, as defined by Laimighofer et al.42 |
