Table 2 Types of finds and represented periods of human activity in the studied caves.

From: Year-round hourly temperature and humidity sensor readings from arid caves, Judean Desert, Israel

Cave

 

Har Sifsof

Te’omim

Pitriya

Murabba’at 2

Pool

Sela'

Tzruya

Horror

Ureideh

Skulls

Qina

Hemar

Artifacts made of inorganic materials

Groundstone (limestone, basalt)

+

+

 

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Flint

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Bead (minerals)

+

+

 

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

 

+

Pottery

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Metal (mainly copper- and iron-based)

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

 

+

+

 

Glass

 

+

 

+

+

+

 

+

 

+

  

Artifacts and ecofacts made of organic materials preserved in most archaeological contexts

Charred botanical remains

+

+

 

+

+

 

+

+

+

+

+

+

Shell

+

+

   

+

+

 

+

+

+

+

Skeletal remains (human, fauna)

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Bone, ivory

+

+

 

+

+

 

+

+

 

+

+

+

Organic artifacts and ecofacts preserved under special conditions

Wood, reed (uncharred)

   

+

+

 

+

+

+

+

+

+

Seed, fruit (uncharred)

   

+

+

 

+

+

+

+

 

+

Rope, basketry

   

+

+

 

+

+

 

+

+

+

Papyrus

   

+

+

  

+

 

+

  

Textile

   

+

+

 

+

+

 

+

+

+

Hide, skin

   

+

+

 

+

+

 

+

+

+

Hair

      

+

+

 

+

  

Occupation periods

Epi-Paleolithic (23,000–11,500 BP)

   

?

 

+

  

+

   

Pre-Pottery Neolithic (9500–6500 BCE)

   

?

+

+

  

+

  

+

Pottery Neolithic (6500–4500 BCE)

+

+

 

+

+

  

?

    

Late Chalcolithic (4500–3700 BCE)

 

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

?

Early Bronze Age (3700–2450 BCE)

 

+

+

+

+

+

 

+

+

+

+

+

Intermediate Bronze Age (2450–1950 BCE)

 

+

+

         

Middle and Late Bronze Age (1950–1140 BCE)

 

+

 

+

 

+

   

+

  

Iron Age (1140–586 BCE)

 

+

 

+

+

+

      

Persian-Hellenistic (586–63 BCE)

 

+

 

+

 

?

      

Roman-Byzantine (63 BCE–628 CE)

+

+

+

+

+

+

 

+

+

+

+

 

Islamic (628–1917 CE)

 

+

 

+

 

?

    

+

 
  1. A “?” indicates insufficient data for precise dating.