Table 1 Characteristics of the studied subjects without medication (n = 250).

n

250

88

162

Age (years)

61 ± 14

62 ± 15

61 ± 14

0.362

Body mass index (kg/m²)

22.7 ± 3.5

23.5 ± 3.7

22.2 ± 3.3

0.007

Waist circumference (cm)

82.6 ± 10.3

85.6 ± 10.3

81.0 ± 10.0

0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

133 ± 23

135 ± 21

131 ± 24

0.178

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

76 ± 12

78 ± 12

75 ± 11

0.041

Pulse rate (beats/min)

71 ± 10

69 ± 12

72 ± 9

0.042

 Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

204 ± 34

192 ± 31

210 ± 33

<0.001

 LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

122 ± 29

115 ± 29

126 ± 28

0.004

 HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

68 ± 19

60 ± 19

73 ± 17

<0.001

 Triglycerides (mg/dl)

85 (64–119)

98 (73–153)

78 (56–100)

<0.001

 Fasting glucose (mg/dl)

91 (86–97)

94 (88–103)

90 (86–96)

0.009

 Insulin (µU/ml)

4.6 (3.4–6.5)

4.9 (3.4–7.1)

4.5 (3.4–6.2)

0.046

 HOMA-R

1.06 (0.75–1.57)

1.16 (0.76–1.71)

0.99 (0.74–1.45)

0.041

 HbA1c (%)

5.4 ± 0.4

5.5 ± 0.4

5.4 ± 0.4

0.033

 Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl)

15 ± 4

16 ± 5

15 ± 4

0.002

 Creatinine (mg/dl)

0.7 ± 0.2

0.8 ± 0.2

0.7 ± 0.1

<0.001

 eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)

72.8 ± 14.0

74.1 ± 13.9

72.1 ± 14.0

0.284

 Uric acid (mg/dl)

4.7 ± 1.2

5.7 ± 1.3

4.5 ± 0.9

<0.001

 AST (IU/l)

22 (19–26)

24 (20–29)

21 (18–24)

<0.001

 ALT (IU/l)

18 (14–24)

22 (17–33)

16 (13–20)

<0.001

 γGTP (IU/l)

19 (15–32)

30 (20–46)

17 (14–23)

<0.001

 BNP (pg/ml)

16.6 (11.0–30.1)

13.3 (6.7–23.5)

20.7 (13.4–31.0)

0.613

 hsCRP (mg/dl)

0.03 (0.02–0.07)

0.04 (0.02–0.11)

0.03 (0.02–0.06)

0.002

 FABP4 (ng/ml)

11.4 (7.4–16.0)

8.6 (5.7–12.9)

12.9 (8.9–16.9)

<0.001

 FABP5 (ng/ml)

1.5 (1.0–2.0)

1.5 (1.1–2.1)

1.4 (1.0–2.0)

0.265

 Cholesterol efflux capacity

0.8 ± 0.1

0.8 ± 0.1

0.8 ± 0.1

0.240