Table 1 (A) Intestinal mRNA levels tested by qPCR and (B) protein levels by IHC of immune system and inflammatory related molecules, in control (CTRL) and VSL#3-treated (VSL#3) 129 fish.

From: Host-probiotic interaction: new insight into the role of the endocannabinoid system by in vivo and ex vivo approaches

Gene name

Pathway involved

Control

VSL#3

Il1b

Inflammatory cascade

1.29 ± 0.33

14.51 ± 2.69***

tnfa

Inflammatory cascade

1.04 ± 0.21

2.59 ± 0.44***

myd88

Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines

1.24 ± 0.36

3.15 ± 0.35***

Il10

Anti-inflammatory action

1.54 ± 0.84

13.58 ± 2.89****

casp1

Stimulation of cell survival responses, control intracellular bacterial growth and modulation of inflammatory cytokine production

2.14 ± 0.84

8.75 ± 1.89****

nos2a

Protective role in intestinal inflammation

1.09 ± 0.21

3.73 ± 0.30***

tgfb1a

Anti-inflammatory action

1.29 ± 0.12

3.02 ± 0.37****

nfkb

Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines

1.48 ± 0.36

2.98 ± 0.21***

tlr1

Recognition of cell-surface bacterial peptidoglycans

2.08 ± 1.02

36.75 ± 4.17***

tlr2

Recognition of cell-surface bacterial lipoproteins

1.30 ± 0.35

19.59 ± 3.35***

tlr3

Nucleic acid-sensing and recognition nucleotides from both viruses and bacteria

1.12 ± 0.36

13.22 ± 3.74*

tlr9

Nucleic acid-sensing and recognize nucleotides from both viruses and bacteria

1.42 ± 0.51

17.07 ± 2.43*

Protein name

 

Control

VSL#3

Il1b

Inflammatory cascade

7.46 ± 3.23

24.26 ± 6.30***

Tnfa

Inflammatory cascade

38.23 ± 13.24

94.26 ± 16.37***

Myd88

Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines

9.06 ± 4.23

23.33 ± 6.30**

Il10

Anti-inflammatory action

12.58 ± 4.33

32.58 ± 3.69****

Casp1

Stimulation of cell survival responses, control intracellular bacterial growth and modulation of inflammatory cytokine production

9.85 ± 3.84

51.68 ± 15.63***

Nos2a

Protective role in intestinal inflammation

2.61 ± 2.41

31.55 ± 10.51****

Tgfb1a

Anti-inflammatory action

2.06 ± 1.27

43.84 ± 16.74****

Nfkb

Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines

38.71 ± 15.43

87.72 ± 16.47***

Tlr1

Recognition of cell-surface bacterial peptidoglycans

5.35 ± 3.55

24.55 ± 5.57****

Tlr2

Recognition of cell-surface bacterial lipoproteins

9.61 ± 4.43

15.35 ± 8.94

Tlr3

Nucleic acid-sensing and recognition nucleotides from both viruses and bacteria

1.45 ± 1.01

21.66 ± 9.55****

Tlr9

Nucleic acid-sensing and recognize nucleotides from both viruses and bacteria

20.43 ± 9.92

39.92 ± 12.44****

  1. Values indicate mean ± SD. *p < 0.5; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001.
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