Figure 4

Transplantation of the CKD patient microbiota induces an increased TMAO level and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in antibiotic-treated mice. The data represent 12 mice transplanted with healthy control faecal samples (blue) and 13 mice transplanted with CKD patient faecal samples (red). (a) Experimental design of the faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in antibiotic-treated mice. (b) Comparison of the plasma TMAO levels between the groups of mice after transplant with pooled faecal samples from the CKD patients and healthy controls. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine significance between groups. (c) Principal coordinate analysis illustrating the grouping patterns of the two groups of mice based on the unweighted UniFrac distances. Each open circle represents a sample. Distances between any pair of samples represent their dissimilarities. (d) Significantly discriminative taxa between the two group of mice were determined using Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe). Only taxa meeting the LDA significance thresholds (>3) are shown. Different coloured bars represent different groups.