Table 3 Treatment effect modification of infant morphology, according to paternal body mass index category.

From: Paternal obesity modifies the effect of an antenatal lifestyle intervention in women who are overweight or obese on newborn anthropometry

Infant Outcome

Paternal BMI Category

Lifestyle Advice (N = 442)

Standard Care (N = 471)

Adjusted Treatment Effect (95% CI)

Adjusted P-value

Adjusted Interaction P-value

Birth Weight (g)

BMI <25

3470.45 (473.04)

3492.44 (547.94)

−26.19 (−167.95, 115.57)

0.712

0.93

BMI 25–<30

3555.73 (466.05)

3520.90 (547.15)

22.06 (−86.62, 130.74)

0.69

BMI 30–<35

3515.25 (546.53)

3512.65 (708.76)

−20.99 (−169.61, 127.63)

0.78

BMI >=35

3538.54 (491.83)

3560.77 (509.84)

−34.80 (−244.12, 174.52)

0.75

Birth Length (cm)

BMI <25

49.94 (2.14)

50.00 (2.37)

−0.08 (−0.71, 0.55)

0.8

0.64

BMI 25–<30

50.18 (1.90)

50.09 (2.31)

0.06 (−0.42, 0.54)

0.79

BMI 30–<35

50.01 (2.31)

49.59 (3.24)

0.38 (−0.28, 1.03)

0.26

BMI >=35

49.64 (2.30)

49.84 (2.13)

−0.31 (−1.24, 0.62)

0.51

Head Circumference (cm)

BMI <25

34.94 (1.29)

34.98 (1.70)

−0.10 (−0.52, 0.33)

0.66

0.41

BMI 25–<30

34.91 (1.41)

34.88 (1.64)

0.03 (−0.29, 0.36)

0.84

BMI 30–<35

34.92 (1.42)

34.63 (2.01)

0.24 (−0.21, 0.68)

0.29

BMI >=35

34.66 (1.78)

35.06 (1.71)

−0.40 (−1.04, 0.23)

0.21

Chest Circumference (cm)

BMI <25

34.23 (1.78)

34.45 (1.91)

−0.25 (−0.93, 0.44)

0.48

0.4

BMI 25–<30

34.39 (1.79)

34.09 (2.02)

0.35 (−0.18, 0.89)

0.2

BMI 30–<35

34.27 (2.12)

34.45 (2.12)

−0.32 (−1.04, 0.40)

0.39

BMI >=35

33.92 (1.87)

33.86 (2.35)

−0.15 (−1.11, 0.82)

0.76

Mid Upper Arm Circumference (cm)

BMI <25

11.29 (0.89)

11.19 (1.18)

0.02 (−0.34, 0.38)

0.91

0.82

BMI 25–<30

11.30 (1.01)

11.18 (1.11)

0.10 (−0.18, 0.38)

0.49

BMI 30–<35

11.22 (0.90)

11.12 (0.98)

0.03 (−0.35, 0.41)

0.88

BMI >=35

11.23 (1.05)

10.90 (1.08)

0.30 (−0.21, 0.81)

0.25

Abdominal Circumference (cm)

BMI <25

32.95 (2.10)

32.82 (2.35)

−0.02 (−0.79, 0.75)

0.95

0.18

BMI 25–<30

32.99 (2.13)

32.59 (2.34)

0.40 (−0.20, 1.00)

0.2

BMI 30–<35

32.72 (2.23)

33.15 (2.24)

−0.67 (−1.48, 0.13)

0.1

BMI >=35

32.69 (1.96)

32.26 (2.52)

0.40 (−0.68, 1.49)

0.47

Biceps SFTM (mm)

BMI <25

4.23 (0.94)

4.13 (1.36)

0.07 (−0.34, 0.48)

0.74

0.81

BMI 25–<30

4.60 (1.33)

4.41 (1.15)

0.16 (−0.16, 0.49)

0.32

BMI 30–<35

4.38 (1.26)

4.19 (1.02)

0.19 (−0.24, 0.63)

0.39

BMI >=35

4.20 (1.07)

4.35 (1.03)

−0.13 (−0.72, 0.45)

0.65

Triceps SFTM (mm)

BMI <25

5.33 (1.27)

5.37 (1.57)

−0.13 (−0.61, 0.36)

0.61

0.03

BMI 25–<30

5.61 (1.30)

5.32 (1.44)

0.27 (−0.11, 0.65)

0.16

BMI 30–<35

5.25 (1.48)

5.33 (1.29)

−0.14 (−0.64, 0.37)

0.59

BMI >=35

5.03 (1.12)

5.94 (1.50)

−0.89 (−1.57, −0.22)

0.01

Suprailiac SFTM (mm)

BMI <25

5.57 (1.76)

5.55 (1.67)

−0.09 (−0.75, 0.57)

0.79

0.002

BMI 25–<30

5.94 (1.67)

5.73 (1.87)

0.21 (−0.30, 0.72)

0.42

BMI 30–<35

5.72 (2.20)

5.77 (2.11)

−0.08 (−0.77, 0.62)

0.83

BMI >=35

5.12 (1.52)

7.03 (2.20)

−1.87 (−2.81, −0.93)

0.0001

Subscapular SFTM (mm)

BMI <25

5.25 (1.17)

5.05 (1.13)

0.14 (–0.32, 0.60)

0.55

0.64

BMI 25–<30

5.13 (1.42)

5.08 (1.27)

0.06 (−0.30, 0.42)

0.75

BMI 30–<35

5.02 (1.49)

5.10 (1.16)

−0.14 (−0.62, 0.34)

0.56

BMI >=35

5.12 (1.19)

5.44 (1.64)

−0.31 (−0.96, 0.33)

0.34

Lateral Abdominal SFTM (mm)

BMI <25

3.72 (1.05)

3.65 (1.03)

0.06 (−0.32, 0.43)

0.77

0.55

BMI 25–<30

4.02 (1.21)

3.83 (1.04)

0.19 (−0.11, 0.49)

0.21

BMI 30–<35

3.84 (1.07)

3.66 (1.01)

0.13 (−0.27, 0.52)

0.53

BMI >=35

3.63 (0.92)

3.93 (0.88)

−0.26 (−0.79, 0.28)

0.35

Thigh SFTM (mm)

BMI <25

6.68 (1.79)

6.54 (1.81)

0.06 (−0.60, 0.71)

0.86

0.06

BMI 25–<30

7.40 (1.92)

6.99 (1.89)

0.45 (−0.06, 0.95)

0.08

BMI 30–<35

6.97 (2.21)

6.92 (1.72)

−0.06 (−0.74, 0.62)

0.86

BMI >=35

6.61 (1.65)

7.67 (2.14)

−1.01 (−1.92, −0.09)

0.03

Calculated Fat Mass (g)

BMI <25

519.15 (161.25)

514.15 (169.81)

−0.37 (−67.79, 67.05)

0.99

0.12

BMI 25–<30

546.39 (169.81)

508.34 (196.11)

37.26 (−14.61, 89.13)

0.16

BMI 30–<35

520.08 (239.72)

528.87 (197.73)

−20.21 (−89.36, 48.94)

0.57

BMI >=35

478.74 (137.34)

555.62 (200.03)

−89.49 (−182.90, 3.93)

0.06

Calculated Fat Free Mass (g)*

BMI <25

3058.33 (282.29)

3062.06 (357.21)

−7.80 (−131.49, 115.90)

0.9

0.88

BMI 25–<30

3069.61 (305.55)

3009.87 (360.21)

52.80 (−42.36, 147.97)

0.28

BMI 30–<35

3066.72 (380.31)

3027.67 (389.34)

5.19 (−121.68, 132.05)

0.94

BMI >=35

2986.76 (375.95)

2910.80 (380.12)

28.40 (−142.99, 199.78)

0.75

Calculated Percent Body Fat

BMI <25

14.31 (3.39)

14.09 (3.29)

0.12 (−1.13, 1.38)

0.85

0.02

BMI 25–<30

14.85 (3.28)

14.03 (3.61)

0.84 (−0.12, 1.81)

0.09

BMI 30–<35

13.93 (4.28)

14.50 (3.27)

−0.70 (−1.99, 0.59)

0.29

BMI >=35

13.63 (2.78)

15.63 (3.77)

−2.15 (−3.89, −0.40)

0.02

  1. Values are mean (SD) and treatment effects are differences in means.
  2. Where the interaction p-value is not significant, treatment group comparisons within subgroups should be interpreted with caution.
  3. Results have been adjusted for centre, maternal parity, maternal BMI, maternal age, socioeconomic status and maternal smoking status.
  4. *Calculated using equation from Deierlein et al.42. Note that ‘ethnicity’ (Hispanic vs non-Hispanic) is included in this equation but is not applicable to the LIMIT cohort (all participants are ‘non-Hispanic’).
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