Figure 4

Schematic synthesis of the two phases of the LGM: (1) the topography of the NAIS produced changes in atmospheric circulation forcing the jet stream (green arrows) over southern Europe and the Mediterranean, which became an additional moisture source increasing precipitation over the Alps triggering synchronous Alpine glaciers advance; whereas the EIS waxing was slowed down. (2) The withdrawal of the NAIS at the increasing of the insolation drove the northward migration of the polar front, which move the advection towards the EIS and likely the Greenland; whereas the Alpine glaciers, underfed by precipitation, started to retreat. Maps are generated using CNR-licensed software ArcGIS 10.4 (http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis), and Adobe Illustrator CS5.1, (http://www.adobe.com/au/products/illustrator.html).