Table 3 Clinical and demographic characteristics of the Hunter Community Study cohort.

From: Human dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 inhibition by proton pump inhibitors and the cardiovascular risk marker asymmetric dimethylarginine: in vitro and in vivo significance

Variable

PPI non-users (n = 489)

PPI users (n = 134)

P-value

Age (years)

63 (59–69)

66 (61–72)

<0.001

Females (%)

48.3

44.6

0.446

Myocardial infarction (%)

4.1

9.8

0.011

Stroke (%)

2.5

2.2

0.877

Diabetes or use of antidiabetic drugs (%)

10.0

18.0

0.010

Current smoker (%)

6.6

5.7

0.944

Regular alcohol consumption (%)

69.2

67.6

0.733

Statins (%)

31.5

42.9

0.017

Diuretics (%)

12.4

12.0

0.915

Beta-blockers (%)

18.7

24.8

0.126

RAS inhibitors (%)

39.8

52.6

0.009

Antiplatelet agents (%)

3.4

6.7

0.093

NSAIDs (%)

12.9

15.8

0.392

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

4.8 (4.4–5.3)

4.9 (4.5–5.4)

0.173

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.1 (4.4–5.9)

4.8 (4.2–5.5)

0.015

HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.3 (1.1–1.6)

1.2 (1.1–1.6)

0.485

LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.1 (2.5–3.8)

2.8 (2.3–3.5)

0.008

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.1 (0.8–1.6)

1.3 (0.8–1.8)

0.033

C-reactive protein (mg/L)

2.0 (1.2–3.7)

2.5 (1.1–5.1)

0.095

SBP (mmHg)

135 (124–146)

135 (122–145)

0.563

DBP (mmHg)

81 (72–87)

76 (71–84)

0.004

ADMA (µmol/L)

0.54 (0.49–0.60)

0.56 (0.51–0.63)

0.002

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

80 ± 16

76 ± 17

0.005

  1. PPI: proton pump inhibitor; RAS: renin-angiotensin system; NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; SBP: systolic blood pressure: DBP: diastolic blood pressure; ADMA: asymmetric dimethylarginine; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula).
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