Figure 1
From: Fluid viscoelasticity promotes collective swimming of sperm
Different collective behaviours of swimming sperm in Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids. (a) In standard medium, sperm swam individually. Scale bar: 50 μm. (b) In a Newtonian viscous medium (3% PVP), most sperm swam individually. (c) In viscoelastic medium (1% LC-PAM), sperm swam collectively and formed clusters. (d) Percentage of sperm found in clusters (including pairs) in standard medium (Std), Newtonian viscous medium (V), and viscoelastic medium (VE). The definition of cluster is when the sperm are within 17.5 µm each other, and their head orientation is within 20°. ****p < 0.0001, compared to standard medium, from one-way ANOVA with multiple comparison.
