Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with incident T2DM stratified by insulin use vs non-insulin use during follow-up.

From: Insulin use and Excess Fracture Risk in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Propensity-Matched cohort analysis

 

Unmatched Participants

Matched Participants

Non-users of Insulin (N = 50,626)

Users of Insulin (N = 3,227)

P-value**

Non-users of Insulin (N = 14,895)

Users of Insulin (N = 2,979)

P-value**

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

Demographic risk factors

Sex, male

28,323

60

1,844

57.1

0.18

8,411

56.5

1,678

56.3

0.89

Age, years

 Mean (SD)

63.7 (11.2)

61.2 (11.9)

<0.001

61.7 (11.9)

61.8 (11.9)

0.76

Body Mass Index §∧

 Mean (SD)

31.1 (5.2)

30.8 (5.9)

0.002

31.0 (5.6)

30.8 (5.8)

0.097

Socio-economic status ±

 Quintile1 (−1.83 to 0.03)

9,379

18.5

581

18.0

 

2,654

17.8

532

17.9

 

 Quintile 2 (0.03 to 0.50)

9,387

18.5

557

17.3

 

2,589

17.4

518

17.4

 

 Quintile 3 (0.50 to 0.94)

9,368

18.5

582

18.0

 

2,762

18.5

536

18.0

 

 Quintile 4 (0.94 to 1.52)

9,347

18.5

541

16.8

 

2,561

17.2

513

17.2

 

 Quintile 5 (1.52 to 5.28)

9,238

18.3

664

20.6

 

2,975

20.0

599

20.1

 

    Unknown

3,907

7.7

302

9.4

<0.001

1,354

9.1

281

9.4

0.98

Smoking

 Never

18,824

37.2

1,005

31.1

 

4,760

32.0

938

31.5

 

 Ex-smoker

6,914

13.7

551

17.1

 

2,438

16.4

485

16.3

 

 Current

7,737

15.3

441

13.7

 

2,035

13.7

416

14.0

 

 Unknown

17,151

33.9

1,230

38.1

<0.001

5,662

38

1,140

38.3

0.94

Drinking

 Never

21,325

42.1

1,149

35.6

 

5,450

36.6

1,128

37.9

 

 Moderate

10,777

21.3

341

10.6

 

1,663

11.2

337

11.3

 

 Severe

1,458

2.9

66

2.1

 

329

2.2

63

2.1

 

 Unknown

17,066

33.7

1,671

34.8

<0.001

7,453

50.0

1,451

48.7

0.55

Conditions affecting fracture risk

Fracture

1,053

2.1

57

1.8

0.22

257

1.7

54

1.8

0.74

Stroke

1,561

3.1

113

3.5

0.18

508

3.4

108

3.6

0.56

Myocardial infarction

1,463

2.9

95

2.9

0.86

409

2.8

88

3.0

0.53

Falls

456

0.9

16

0.5

0.017

76

0.5

16

0.5

0.85

Conditions related to diabetes

eGFR

   <60

6,043

11.9

409

12.7

 

1,885

12.7

375

12.6

 

   Unknown

8,326

16.5

834

25.8

<0.001

3,842

25.8

767

25.8

0.99

Neuropathy

692

1.4

181

5.6

<0.001

530

3.6

108

3.6

0.22

HbA1c±∧

 Quintile 1 (3.5 to 5.7)

9,285

18.3

320

9.9

 

1,564

10.5

318

10.7

 

 Quintile 2 (5.8 to 6.2)

9,270

18.3

267

8.3

 

1,340

9.0

267

9.0

 

 Quintile 3 (6.3 to 6.6)

7,489

14.8

247

7.7

 

1,235

8.3

243

8.2

 

 Quintile 4 (6.6 to 7.3)

7,328

14.5

355

11.0

 

1,738

11.7

348

11.7

 

 Quintile 5 (7.4 to 19.1)

7,147

14.1

1,046

32.4

 

4,285

28.8

881

29.6

 

   Unknown

10,107

20.0

992

30.7

<0.001

4,733

31.8

922

31.0

0.94

Medications associated with fracture risk

Diuretics

6,727

13.3

351

10.9

<0.001

1,743

11.7

330

11.1

0.33

Antihypertensive

23,035

45.5

1,729

53.6

<0.001

6,488

43.6

1,610

54.0

<0.001

Diuretic plus antihypertensive

12,732

25.2

725

22.5

0.001

3,436

23.1

669

22.5

0.47

Steroids

3,163

6.3

346

10.7

<0.001

1,461

9.8

322

10.8

0.096

Medications associated with osteoporosis treatment

Bisphosphonates

2,207

4.4

130

4.0

0.37

565

3.8

122

4.1

0.43

SERMs

295

0.6

14

0.4

0.27

59

0.4

13

0.44

0.75

Teriparatide

44

0.1

1

<0.1

0.51

4

<0.1

1

<0.1

0.84

Medications for diabetes treatment

Metformin***

16,690

33.0

901

27.9

<0.001

4,203

28.2

839

28.2

0.95

Sulphonylureas

1,691

3.3

272

8.4

<0.001

1,005

6.8

215

7.2

0.35

Meglitinides

227

0.5

47

1.5

<0.001

153

1.0

41

1.4

0.093

GLP-1 analogues

13

<0.1

1

<0.1

0.86

5

<0.1

1

<0.1

1

DPP4-i

129

0.25

13

0.4

0.11

60

0.4

13

0.44

0.79

Other (non-insulin) meds

73

0.14

19

0.6

<0.001

54

0.36

15

0.5

0.26

Index year****

2006

6,276

12.4

823

25.5

 

3,453

23.2

627

21.1

 

2007

6,394

12.6

649

20.1

 

2,977

20.0

606

20.3

 

2008

6,503

12.9

550

17.0

 

2,618

17.6

541

18.2

 

2009

7,598

15.0

453

14.0

 

2,211

14.8

453

15.2

 

2010

8,355

16.5

354

11.0

 

1,723

11.6

354

11.9

 

2011

7,674

15.2

235

7.3

 

1,147

7.7

235

7.9

 

2012

7,826

15.5

163

5.1

<0.001

766

5.1

163

5.5

0.35

  1. §Although presented here as continuous; BMI and age were entered into PS model as categorical variables incorporating a missing category.
  2. **P-values are reported for chi-square (categorical variables) and t-test (continuous variables), comparing the distribution of baseline characteristics between insulin users and non-users.
  3. ***Metformin counted in year prior to index date (other comedications only counted in prior month).
  4. ****Index date defined as 01/01/2006 or date of T2DM diagnosis (if after 01/01/2006) or date of enrolment with GP (if after T2DM diagnosis). This was ‘baseline’, and a time-varying covariates model was used, splitting follow-up time at start of insulin use.
  5. ∧Missingness: Non-matched [BMI = 16.0% (non-insulin user), 23.9% (insulin user); HbA1c = 19.7% (non-insulin user), 30.7% (insulin user)]; matched [BMI = 23.8% (non-insulin user), 23.4% (insulin user); HbA1c = 31.8% (non-insulin user), 31.0% (non-insulin user). ±Mean values within each quintile for the propensity score matched cohorts for socio-economic status: Q1 = −0.14, Q2 = 0.28, Q3 = 0.73, Q4 = 1.21, Q5 = 2.25 (non-user) and Q1 = −0.38, Q2 = 0.23, Q3 = 0.74, Q4 = 1.20, Q5 = 2.28; for HbA1c: Q1 = 5.32, Q2 = 6.01, Q3 = 6.44, Q4 = 6.95, Q5 = 8.88 (non-user) and Q1 = 5.27, Q2 = 6.00, Q3 = 6.45, Q4 = 9.97, Q5 = 9.66 (user).
  6. Abbreviations: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), glucagon-like peptide −1 (GLP-1), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4-i).
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