Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics of the BD patients, MDD patients, and healthy controls in this study. Abbreviations: BD (MDD), bipolar (major depressive) disorder; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; YRMS, Yong Mania Rating Scale.

Age (years old)

27.33 ± 8.41

29.67 ± 8.44

29.94 ± 11.18

0.33^a

Gender (female/male)

23/25

28/20

31/20

0.40^b

Education (years)

14.31 ± 2.54

13.40 ± 2.89

14.27 ± 2.83

0.18^a

Number of Episodes

2.54 ± 1.65

2.02 ± 1.87

N/A

0.09^c

Age of Onset (years)

23.00 ± 9.33

26.60 ± 9.21

N/A

0.03^c

Duration of Illness (months)

43.13 ± 54.53

32.66 ± 44.70

N/A

0.15^c

HAMD

26.19 ± 5.70

25.27 ± 5.17

2.88 ± 1.80

0.00^a

YRMS

2.96 ± 4.07

3.04 ± 3.70

0.47 ± 0.90

0.00^a