Figure 5

Glycogen levels in whole bees according to the SHW treatments. Mean and standard error of glycogen levels (mg/g) in bees sampled at the end of an SHW− (white bars) or SHW+ period (grey bars) (n = 53–54 bees per conditions). The glycogen level was higher in bees sampled on storage frames than on brood frames (P < 0.001) and increased with SHW for bees sampled on storage frames (P = 0.007). Different letters indicate significant differences (ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc comparisons).