Table 3 Pleural fluid levels of new biomarkers in five types of pleural effusions.

From: Proteome profiling reveals novel biomarkers to identify complicated parapneumonic effusions

First cohort (n = 176)

Biomarker candidates

UPPE (n = 35)

CPPE (n = 33)

p value

PPE (n = 68)

Transudates (n = 37)

Other exudates (n = 32)

Malignant (n = 39)

non-PPE (n = 108)

p value

BPI (ng/ml)a

15.9 ± 7.5

274.5 ± 43.6

< 0.001b

141.4 ± 26.5

0.8 ± 0.2

1.1 ± 0.3

2.7 ± 0.6

1.6 ± 0.3

< 0.001c

NGAL (ng/ml)a

341.4 ± 30.9

1035.5 ± 132.4

< 0.001b

678.2 ± 78.2

71.7 ± 14.3

67.6 ± 7.3

41.8 ± 6.1

59.7 ± 5.9

< 0.001c

AZU1 (ng/ml)a

248.3 ± 56.4

669.5 ± 84.5

< 0.001b

452.7 ± 56.1

2.4 ± 0.6

28.4 ± 13.0

7.3 ± 1.5

11.9 ± 4.0

< 0.001c

Calprotectin (μg/ml)a

29.8 ± 5.7

152.7 ± 12.1

< 0.001b

89.4 ± 9.9

0.3 ± 0.03

9.7 ± 6.6

2.6 ± 0.5

3.9 ± 2.0

< 0.001c

Validation cohort (n = 44)

Biomarker candidates

UPPE (n = 26)

CPPE (n = 18)

p  value

—

—

—

—

—

—

BPI (ng/ml)a

11.4 ± 7.9

222.3 ± 46.1

< 0.001b

—

—

—

—

—

—

NGAL (ng/ml)a

240.4 ± 74.1

1416.2 ± 272.6

< 0.001b

—

—

—

—

—

—

AZU1 (ng/ml)a

205.4 ± 47.2

753.7 ± 117.8

< 0.001b

—

—

—

—

—

—

Calprotectin (μg/ml)a

9.2 ± 1.9

118.2 ± 16.1

< 0.001b

—

—

—

—

—

—

  1. aData are presented as mean ± s.e.m.
  2. bThe p value of Mann-Whitney U test presents the difference between uncomplicated parapneumonic effusion (UPPE) and complicated parapneumonic effusion (CPPE).
  3. cThe p value of Mann-Whitney U test presents the difference between parapneumonic effusion (PPE, refer to UPPE and CPPE) and non parapneumonic effusion (non-PPE, refer to transudates, other exudates, and malignant) in this study.
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