Figure 1
Effect of plant neighbourhood composition and ontogeny on herbivory and plant chemical defences in Quercus robur. (a) Proportion of leaves damaged by insect herbivores, and concentration (mg g−1 d.w.) of leaf (b) flavonoids, (c) lignins, (d) condensed tannins, (e) hydrolysable tannins, and (f) total phenolics for adult reproductive trees (white bars) and saplings (grey bars) growing in Q. robur high-frequency and low-frequency stands. Bars are least square means ± standard error (N = 60). Asterisks indicate significant ontogenetic differences within each Q. robur stand type at P < 0.05 (*), P < 0.01 (**) and P < 0.001 (***). n.s. = non-significant.
