Figure 1

TAP removal efficiencies in the horizontal flow constructed wetlands (HSCWs) fed with mean influent TAP concentrations of 0.12 ± 0.04 mg L⁻¹ (CW1), 0.79 ± 0.29 mg L⁻¹ (CW2) and 3.96 ± 1.17 mg L⁻¹ (CW3) at HLRs of 100 mm d⁻¹ and 200 mm d⁻¹. Different letters indicate significant differences among the columns (P < 0.05).