Figure 4
The effects of pretreatment with pyridine nucleotides and overexpression of the NMNAT gene on disease resistance against F. graminearum in Arabidopsis. Water (mock), NMN, NAD, NADP and NIC (0.3 mM) were sprayed onto the surface of Arabidopsis rosette leaves prior to incubation for 6 h. A conidia solution (1 × 105 conidia/ml) of F. graminearum was then injected into leaves. (a) The disease severity was evaluated by the visible symptoms of inoculated leaves 3 days after inoculation (n = 18). Open box: normal, cross-hatched box: colour change, dot box: partial aerial mycelium, closed box: expanded aerial mycelium. (b) Pretreatment with pyridine nucleotides was carried out as described above. F. graminearum gDNA was measured by qPCR. Error bars represent the standard deviation (n = 3) (Student’s t-test *P < 0.05 **P < 0.01). (c) Transgenic plants (35 S::AtNMNAT) show enhanced disease resistance. Conidia solutions (1 × 105 conidia/ml) of F. graminearum were inoculated into transgenic plant (35 S::AtNMNAT) leaves and flower buds. Photographs of representative leaves from WT and transgenic plants (35 S::AtNMNAT) at 3 days after inoculation. Scale bars: 1 cm. (d) The disease severity was evaluated by the disease symptoms of inoculated leaves 3 days after inoculation (n = 18). Open box: normal, cross-hatched box: colour change, dot box: partial aerial mycelium, closed box: expanded aerial mycelium. (e) F. graminearum gDNA was measured by qPCR in inoculated leaves. Error bars represent the standard deviation (n = 3) (Student’s t-test **P < 0.01). (f) F. graminearum gDNA was measured by qPCR in inoculated flower buds. Error bars represent the standard deviation (n = 3) (Student’s t-test *P < 0.05).
