Table 8 Effect of probiotics on growth parameters at 5 years of age.

Variable	all (n = 151)	Postnatal antibiotics only (n = 59)	Ante- and postnatal antibiotics (n = 74)
Body weight
Effect of Probiotics	1.2	3.3	0.1
95% CI; p	0.1–2.3; 0.04	1.13–5.43; 0.003	−1.7–1.5; 0.9
Adjusted R²	0.06	0.16	0.11
Body length (cm)
Effect of Probiotics	1.59	4.4	0.4
95% CI; p	−0.3–3.4; 0.09	0.97–7.8; 0.01	−2–2.8; 0.7
Adjusted R²	0.1	0.2	0.15
Head circumference (cm)
Effect of Probiotics	0.77	0.91	0.7
95% CI; p	0.16–1.38; 0.01 0.23	0.43–1.79; 0.04	−0.3–1.7; 0.2
Adjusted R²		0.29	0.22

Linear regression analysis included gestational age per week, birth weight in 100 g steps, gender, multiple birth, maternal descent and exposure to Bifidobacterium infantis/Lactobacillus acidophilus probiotics. Linear regression analysis included gestational age per week, birth weight in 100 g steps, gender, multiple birth, maternal descent and exposure to Bifidobacterium infantis/Lactobacillus acidophilus probiotics. The effect of probiotics on weight gain as g/d growth rates in mm/d is shown as B coefficient, 95% confidence interval and p-value. Adjusted R² values indicate coefficients of determinations and adjust for the number of terms used in the model.

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