Figure 1

Plan of the arena used for training and testing (not to scale). The circles show the five positions in which cones could be placed during the judgment bias task namely: NEG (negative; punished with an air puff), NNEG (near-negative; ambiguous closest to air puff), MID (middle; ambiguous equidistant from air puff and reward), NPOS (near-positive; ambiguous closest to reward) and POS (positive; rewarded with a mealworm). Note that on a given trial only a single cone was presented. The cones were made from a 3-cm diameter circle of paper cut to the centre and taped into a cone, presented on an 8-cm diameter petri dish.