Table 2 Parameters and observables of the present model.

From: Enhanced robustness of evolving open systems by the bidirectionality of interactions between elements

Control parameters (for newly introduced species)

M: number of interacting species for the new species

P: ratio of the bidirectional relations

m: unidirectional link degree of the new species (=(1 + P)M)

Observables (for emerging nets)

K: average number of interacting pairs per species

Q: ratio of the bidirectionally interacting pairs to the all interacting pairs

k: average unidirectional link degree (=(1 + Q)K)

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