Table 2 Sample characteristics (overall and by country-income level and the presence of arthritis).
Characteristic | Category | Overall | Low-income countries | Middle-income countries | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Arthritis | Total | Arthritis | Total | Arthritis | |||||
No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | |||||
49.3 | 51.9 | 39.0 | 50.5 | 52.9 | 41.4 | 47.7 | 50.6 | 35.8 | ||
Female | 50.7 | 48.1 | 61.0 | 49.5 | 47.1 | 58.6 | 52.3 | 49.4 | 64.2 | |
Age (years) | Mean | 38.4 | 35.9 | 48.1 | 36.8 | 34.6 | 45.1 | 40.5 | 37.6 | 51.8 |
(SD) | (16.0) | (14.8) | (16.8) | (15.3) | (14.1) | (16.8) | (16.6) | (15.4) | (16.4) | |
Educationa | No formal | 26.5 | 23.4 | 38.4 | 40.6 | 36.4 | 56.6 | 7.0 | 5.5 | 13.2 |
≤Primary | 30.9 | 30.9 | 30.8 | 32.9 | 34.0 | 28.7 | 28.1 | 26.8 | 33.7 | |
Secondary completed | 33.4 | 36.0 | 23.4 | 20.5 | 22.8 | 11.5 | 51.2 | 54.2 | 39.7 | |
Tertiary completed | 9.2 | 9.6 | 7.5 | 6.0 | 6.8 | 3.1 | 13.6 | 13.5 | 13.5 | |
Wealth | Poorest | 20.1 | 19.3 | 23.5 | 20.2 | 19.6 | 23.0 | 20.1 | 19.0 | 24.2 |
Poorer | 20.1 | 19.4 | 22.7 | 20.0 | 19.2 | 22.8 | 20.1 | 19.6 | 22.5 | |
Middle | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 19.9 | 19.8 | 20.0 | 20.2 | 20.3 | 20.1 | |
Richer | 19.8 | 20.4 | 17.6 | 20.0 | 20.5 | 18.0 | 19.7 | 20.3 | 17.3 | |
Richest | 20.0 | 20.9 | 16.2 | 20.0 | 20.9 | 16.2 | 19.9 | 20.9 | 16.1 | |
Setting | Rural | 55.7 | 54.6 | 59.5 | 74.8 | 73.8 | 80.6 | 31.0 | 30.5 | 32.7 |
Urban | 44.3 | 45.4 | 40.5 | 25.2 | 26.2 | 19.4 | 69.0 | 69.5 | 67.3 | |
Smoking | No | 73.1 | 73.4 | 72.0 | 73.3 | 74.4 | 68.6 | 72.9 | 72.1 | 76.3 |
Yes | 26.9 | 26.6 | 28.0 | 26.7 | 25.6 | 31.4 | 27.1 | 27.9 | 23.7 | |
Alcohol | Never/non-heavy | 95.4 | 95.1 | 96.3 | 97.8 | 97.9 | 97.5 | 92.4 | 91.9 | 94.7 |
consumption | Infrequent heavy | 3.6 | 3.8 | 2.8 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 6.2 | 6.7 | 4.3 |
Frequent heavy | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.0 | |
Angina | No | 85.7 | 90.5 | 66.8 | 85.2 | 89.7 | 67.5 | 86.3 | 91.4 | 65.9 |
Yes | 14.3 | 9.5 | 33.2 | 14.8 | 10.3 | 32.5 | 13.7 | 8.6 | 34.1 | |
Asthma | No | 94.9 | 95.9 | 91.1 | 95.9 | 97.0 | 91.8 | 93.7 | 94.6 | 90.2 |
Yes | 5.1 | 4.1 | 8.9 | 4.1 | 3.0 | 8.2 | 6.3 | 5.4 | 9.8 | |
Diabetes | No | 97.0 | 97.9 | 93.7 | 98.1 | 98.6 | 95.8 | 95.5 | 96.8 | 90.8 |
Yes | 3.0 | 2.1 | 6.3 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 3.2 | 9.2 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 18.5–24.9 | 57.6 | 59.3 | 50.5 | 62.1 | 63.1 | 57.7 | 53.3 | 55.6 | 43.9 |
25.0–29.9 | 19.8 | 19.2 | 22.6 | 11.5 | 11.2 | 13.0 | 27.9 | 27.0 | 31.6 | |
≥30 | 9.1 | 8.0 | 13.7 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 7.7 | 12.0 | 10.3 | 19.2 | |
<18.5 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 13.2 | 20.3 | 20.0 | 21.6 | 6.8 | 7.1 | 5.4 | |
Psychosis | Symptom (−) Diagnosis (−) | 85.0 | 87.3 | 75.8 | 85.9 | 88.4 | 75.7 | 83.7 | 85.7 | 76.0 |
Symptom (+) Diagnosis (−) | 13.9 | 11.9 | 21.8 | 12.9 | 10.7 | 21.6 | 15.4 | 13.6 | 22.1 | |
Diagnosis (+) | 1.1 | 0.8 | 2.3 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.9 | |
Depression type | No depression | 88.4 | 91.3 | 75.6 | 88.3 | 91.3 | 74.5 | 88.5 | 91.2 | 77.1 |
Subsyndromal depression | 2.4 | 1.9 | 4.8 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 6.2 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 2.8 | |
Brief depressive episode | 2.7 | 2.2 | 5.0 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 4.2 | 3.4 | 2.7 | 6.1 | |
Depressive episode | 6.5 | 4.6 | 14.6 | 6.4 | 4.5 | 15.1 | 6.6 | 4.8 | 13.9 | |
Anxietyb | No | 88.4 | 90.6 | 79.8 | 90.9 | 93.2 | 82.2 | 85.2 | 87.4 | 76.6 |
Yes | 11.6 | 9.4 | 20.2 | 9.1 | 6.8 | 17.8 | 14.8 | 12.6 | 23.4 | |
Sleep problems | No | 92.3 | 94.9 | 81.8 | 93.0 | 95.4 | 83.7 | 91.3 | 94.3 | 79.3 |
Yes | 7.7 | 5.1 | 18.2 | 7.0 | 4.6 | 16.3 | 8.7 | 5.7 | 20.7 | |
Perceived stressc | No | 80.5 | 83.0 | 70.9 | 76.0 | 78.5 | 66.4 | 88.9 | 91.4 | 79.3 |
Yes | 19.5 | 17.0 | 29.1 | 24.0 | 21.5 | 33.6 | 11.1 | 8.6 | 20.7 | |
