Table 4 The association between arthritis and mental health outcomes estimated by multinomial and binary logistic regression.

From: Lifetime self-reported arthritis is associated with elevated levels of mental health burden: A multi-national cross sectional study across 46 low- and middle-income countries

Outcome

Overall

Low-income countries

Middle-income countries

OR

95%CI

OR

95%CI

OR

95%CI

Multinomial logistic regression

Psychosis

  Symptom (−) Diagnosis (−)

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Symptom (+) Diagnosis (−)

1.85***

[1.72,1.99]

1.77***

[1.59,1.97]

1.98***

[1.79,2.18]

  Diagnosis (+)

2.48***

[2.05,3.01]

2.27***

[1.77,2.91]

2.98***

[2.24,3.97]

Depression type

  No depression

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Subsyndromal depression

1.92***

[1.64,2.26]

1.89***

[1.55,2.30]

2.06***

[1.59,2.67]

  Brief depressive episode

2.14***

[1.88,2.43]

2.09***

[1.75,2.49]

2.23***

[1.86,2.68]

  Depressive episode

2.43***

[2.21,2.67]

2.39***

[2.10,2.73]

2.51***

[2.21,2.83]

Binary logistic regression

  Anxietya

1.75***

[1.63,1.88]

1.69***

[1.53,1.86]

1.84***

[1.65,2.05]

  Sleep problems

2.23***

[2.05,2.43]

2.25***

[1.99,2.55]

2.21***

[1.98,2.47]

  Perceived stressb

1.43***

[1.33,1.53]

1.40***

[1.28,1.52]

1.49***

[1.35,1.65]

  1. Abbreviation: OR odds ratio; CI confidence interval.
  2. All models are adjusted for sex, age, education, wealth, setting, smoking, alcohol consumption, angina, asthma, diabetes, BMI, and country.
  3. Turkey is not included in the regression analyses as it lacked information on education.
  4. aMorocco is not included as it lacked information on anxiety.
  5. bBrazil, Hungary, and Zimbabwe are not included as they lacked information on perceived stress.
  6. ***p < 0.001.
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