Figure 1
From: Confinement suppresses instabilities in particle-laden droplets
Overview of the experimental conditions. (a) Schematic showing the confined droplet. Variation in evaporation flux and flow patterns for unconfined (b–d) and confined (e–g) droplets. For unconfined droplets, evaporation is uniform in azimuthal direction (b) rather than polar direction (c) resulting in recirculating toroidal flow (d). For confined droplets, evaporation is comparatively more non-uniform in azimuthal direction (e) than polar (f). This leads to a directional flow from wall to open side (g). Arrows around the droplet periphery denote the evaporation flux. Channel top plate is not shown for simplicity. Here, \({c}_{\infty }^{^{\prime} }\): increased vapor concentration in the channel due to entrapment, c ∞ and c s : ambient and saturated vapor concentrations respectively.
