Figure 4 | Scientific Reports

Figure 4

From: Nosema ceranae, Fipronil and their combination compromise honey bee reproduction via changes in male physiology

Figure 4

Effects of the stressors, alone or combined, on physiological markers in semen. Physiological markers were studied in semen. The reducing potential (A) and ATP content (B) in semen and the LDH activity in seminal fluid (C) were measured to assess the effects of each treatment on sperm metabolism. The CAT activity in spermatozoa (spz) (D) and the SOD activity in seminal fluid (E) were measured to assess the antioxidant response. The data represent the mean values ± standard deviations of the parameters expressed in milliUnits of Absorbance (mUA) for Red Pot, LDH, CAT and SOD, or in Luminescence Intensity (LI) for ATP (n = 4 for each modality of treatment). Statistical analyses were performed using a post-hoc Wilcoxon test. Significant differences at P ≤ 0.05 between modalities are expressed with different letters.

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