Table 2 Post-water cardiovascular- and autonomic responses relative to baseline values and presented as a delta (Δ).

	Δ 0–30 min post-drink	Δ 30–60 min post-drink	Δ 0–60 min post-drink
Heart rate, beats*min⁻¹	−2.2 ± 0.5***	−1.1 ± 0.6^@	−1.7 ± 0.5***
% change	−3.3 ± 0.7***	−1.4 ± 1.0^#	−2.4 ± 0.8**
Systolic BP, mmHg	−1.7 ± 0.6**	+1.2 ± 0.7^#	−0.3 ± 0.6
% change	−1.5 ± 0.6*	+1.2 ± 0.6^#	−0.2 ± 0.5
Diastolic BP, mmHg	+0.1 ± 0.4	+1.6 ± 0.6**^@	+0.8 ± 0.4
% change	+0.2 ± 0.6	+2.2 ± 0.8**^@	+1.2 ± 0.6*
Stroke volume, mL	+1.8 ± 0.7*	+1.2 ± 0.7	+1.5 ± 0.7*
% change	+2.1 ± 0.8*	+1.4 ± 0.9	+1.7 ± 0.8*
Double product, mmHgbeatsmin⁻¹	−353 ± 76***	−63 ± 99^#	−208 ± 82*
% change	−4.8 ± 1.0***	−0.1 ± 1.3^#	−2.5 ± 1.1*
Cardiac output, L*min⁻¹	−0.08 ± 0.04	−0.02 ± 0.04^¦	−0.05 ± 0.04
% change	−1.5 ± 0.7*	−0.3 ± 0.8^¦	−0.9 ± 0.7
Total peripheral resistance, mmHgminL⁻¹	+0.2 ± 0.1	+0.4 ± 0.2*	+0.3 ± 0.1*
% change	+1.2 ± 0.8	+2.3 ± 0.9*	+1.7 ± 0.8*
Index of contractility, 1000*s⁻²	−0.3 ± 0.6	−0.1 ± 0.6	−0.2 ± 0.6
% change	−0.7 ± 1.0	−0.4 ± 1.1	−0.6 ± 1.0
HF_RRI_LN, ln ms²	+0.4 ± 0.1***	+0.2 ± 0.1**^#	+0.3 ± 0.1***
% change	+6.6 ± 1.1***	+3.6 ± 1.2**^#	+5.1 ± 1.1***
Baroreflex sensitivity, ms*mmHg⁻¹	+1.1 ± 0.7	+2.0 ± 1.2	+1.5 ± 0.9
% change	+6.5 ± 2.3**	+11.3 ± 3.7***^@	+8.9 ± 3.0***

Values are means ± SEM (standard error of the mean); BP: blood pressure; HF-RRI_LN: high frequency component of RR-interval; ln: natural logarithm; Δ 0–30 min, Δ 30–60 min, and Δ 0–60 min: 0 minutes denotes four minutes after the water drink with calculating a subsequent average over the following 30 minutes, 30 to 60 minutes, and 0 to 60 minutes post-drink, respectively, which were subtracted from each baseline level and presented as deltas. * P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.005 statistical significant differences using a paired student’s t-Test, where each post-drink period was compared to its baseline values. ^¦ P < 0.05, ^@ P < 0.01, and ^# P < 0.005 statistical significant differences using a paired student’s t-Test comparing the changes over 0–30 min with the changes over 30–60 min post-drink.

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