Table 2 Comparison of cognitive scores of healthy controls and patients with NMOSD.

From: Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging in relation to cognitive impairment in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder

Cognitive tests, adjusted mean scores (SE)

Healthy controls (n = 44)

Patients with NMOSD (n = 73)

Verbal memory

 immediate recall

−0.51 (0.21)

−0.73 (0.15)

 delayed recall

−0.38 (0.2)

−0.55 (0.14)

 recognition

−0.43 (0.31)

−0.55 (0.24)

 Visuospatial function

 RCFT copy score

−0.15 (0.25)

−0.54 (0.18)

Visual memory

 immediate recall

−0.48 (0.25)

−1.08 (0.18)*

 delayed recall

−0.46 (0.26)

−1.24 (0.18)**

 K−WAIS symbol digit modalities test

−0.52 (0.2)

−1.05 (0.14)*

Digit Span

 forward

−0.3 (0.21)

−0.28 (0.15)

 backward

−0.04 (0.17)

−0.54 (0.12)**

Stroop test

 simple

−0.33 (0.24)

−0.68 (0.17)

 interference

−0.4 (0.27)

−1.2 (0.19)**

 COWAT

−0.58 (0.21)

−0.81 (0.15)

 PASAT

−0.72 (0.31)

−1.54 (0.22)*

 Global z−score (sum of subtest scores)

−5.3 (1.85)

−10.78 (1.31)**

  1. Abbreviations: BFI = Brief Fatigue Inventory; EDSS = Expanded Disability Status Scale; HCs = healthy controls; NA = not applicable; NMOSD = neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9; SD = standard deviation; SE = standard error. All comparisons of cognitive function were corrected for age, educational level, and depression level.
  2. *p < 0.05 compared to healthy controls.
  3. **p < 0.01 compared to healthy controls.
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