Table 5 Markers of metabolic outcomes in never-smoking and ever-smoking OSAS patients.

From: Smoking, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and their combined effects on metabolic parameters: Evidence from a large cross-sectional study

Variable

Never-smoking

Ever-smoking

p value&

Main Effects (p value)*

Interaction Effects (p value)*

Main Effects (p value)#

Interaction Effects (p value)#

AHI < 5

AHI ≥ 5

AHI < 5

AHI ≥ 5

AHI

Smoking

AHI × Smoking

AHI

Smoking

AHI × Smoking

Glucose (mmol/L)

4.99 ± 0.53

5.38 ± 0.83

5.10 ± 0.50

5.38 ± 0.84

<0.001

<0.001

0.740

0.350

0.181

0.754

0.745

Insulin (uU/ml)

8.48 ± 4.52

11.79 ± 7.56

9.34 ± 6.58

12.28 ± 8.23

0.001

<0.001

0.477

0.003

0.382

0.576

0.006

HOMA-IR

1.90 ± 1.08

2.92 ± 2.47

2.13 ± 1.51

3.01 ± 2.29

0.001

<0.001

0.624

0.007

0.450

0.493

0.025

TC (mmol/L)

4.61 ± 0.96

4.79 ± 0.97

4.68 ± 0.82

4.85 ± 0.94

0.330

0.274

0.367

0.527

0.580

0.412

0.623

TG (mmol/L)

1.42 ± 0.89

1.83 ± 1.11

1.43 ± 0.57

1.88 ± 1.11

<0.001

<0.001

0.668

0.991

0.255

0.824

0.795

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.17 ± 0.29

1.10 ± 0.23

1.18 ± 0.35

1.08 ± 0.23

0.012

<0.001

0.762

0.949

0.104

0.558

0.975

LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.02 ± 0.82

3.17 ± 0.84

3.04 ± 0.68

3.17 ± 0.81

0.231

0.131

0.853

0.270

0.250

0.951

0.341

  1. Abbreviations: HOMA-IR, homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance index; AHI, apnea-hypopnea index; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.
  2. &p value indicates overall comparison.
  3. *p value without adjustment.
  4. #p value adjusted for age, BMI,WHR and ESS.
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