Figure 4

(a–c) The spatial-temporal evolution of ignimbrite emplacement (Freymuth et al.¹¹ and references therein) during the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex (APVC) ignimbrite flare-up episode (11-1 Ma) with blue triangles showing Holocene age volcanism and inverted red triangles show INSAR measured vertical surface deformation centers²⁸. Colors in each panel (blue, green, and red) represent the spatial distribution of ignimbrites erupted during that time period only, and appear to correlate with spatial configurations in the southern Puna. (d–e) The spatial-temporal evolution of ignimbrite emplacement for the southern Puna. Colors in each panel (blue and green) represent the spatial distribution of ignimbrites erupted during that time period only, and appear to correlate with spatial configurations in the APVC. Red contoured bodies represent the interpreted lateral extent of magma reservoirs inferred from the shear velocity model shown in panel (f). (f) Horizontal 18 km depth slice through our velocity model showing the lateral extent of interpreted magma reservoirs. The labels LMB (Lazufre Magma Body), CGMB (Cerro Galan Magma Body), and IMB (Incahuasi Magma Body) correspond to imaged magma reservoirs discussed in the text. These plots were made using the Generic Mapping Tool⁶¹, version 4.5.1 (ftp://ftp.soest.hawaii.edu/gmt).