Figure 3

Invasion percolation simulations of CO₂ migrating through cubic sub-volumes derived from BAMs #5, #36, and #63 (grayscale models on leftmost column) and populated with P _th values generated using three different textural contrasts. The three bimodal distributions (top row) are created by assigning constant P _th PDF to matrix (in this case Moderately Sorted Upper Coarse Sand, or MUCSa, in blue) and changing P _th PDF of laminae (in this case showing Upper Medium Sand > Upper Fine Sand > Upper Very Fine Sand, from low to high P _th , in red). Color background of cubic models represents range of threshold capillary pressures (see Fig. 4C). A continuous planar source of CO₂ was placed at the bottom boundary of the model domain. The increasing textural contrast leads to different responses in terms of displacement patterns and plume trapping as can be observed from invasion sequences of CO₂.